Updated March 2026

R&D Grants and Innovation Funding in Canada 2026

30+ federal and provincial programs worth $4B+ annually. Compare SR&ED tax credits, IRAP grants, superclusters, and provincial innovation funds by amount, eligibility, and stacking potential.

See All 30 Programs ↓
30+ R&D Programs
$4B+ Annual Available Funding
35% SR&ED Refundable Rate
4-13 wk IRAP Processing Time

Canada offers 30+ R&D funding programs distributing over $4 billion annually to businesses performing research and innovation. The SR&ED tax credit forms the foundation — a 35% refundable investment tax credit that returns $175,000-$250,000 per year to a typical CCPC with five developers. The Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP) provides non-repayable grants averaging $94,000 for SME R&D projects, with processing as fast as 4 weeks for projects under $50K. Mitacs Accelerate connects businesses with graduate researchers at $15,000 per internship unit and maintains a 99% approval rate. When stacked correctly, a 5-person Ontario tech company investing $500K in eligible R&D can recover $300,000-$450,000 through combined SR&ED credits, IRAP grants, and the Ontario Innovation Tax Credit. Source: CRA SR&ED Program, NRC IRAP.

The R&D Funding Landscape in 2026

How Canada's innovation funding ecosystem works, and what changed recently.

Canada spends approximately $4.4 billion annually on direct R&D support for businesses through a combination of tax incentives, grants, and co-investment programs. The SR&ED program alone accounts for roughly $3.2 billion in claims per year, making it the largest single mechanism. IRAP adds approximately $400 million annually in non-repayable contributions. Five superclusters (NGen, Scale AI, DIGITAL, Protein Industries, Ocean) distribute a combined $950 million in co-investment funding. Source: Budget 2025.

Budget 2025 introduced three significant changes affecting R&D funding. First, CRA committed to processing non-reviewed SR&ED refundable claims within 45 days effective April 2026, down from the previous 60-day standard. Second, the NRC absorbed SDTC's mandate through a new IRAP Clean Technology stream, consolidating cleantech demonstration funding under the ITA network. Third, the Defence Industry Assist (DI Assist) program launched in January 2026 with dedicated budget for dual-use technology development, marking the first new IRAP-adjacent stream in over a decade. Source: Budget 2025.

The most common error businesses make is treating R&D programs as competitors. SR&ED, IRAP, and provincial credits are designed to stack — a single R&D project can simultaneously generate SR&ED tax credits, receive IRAP wage subsidies, and qualify for provincial innovation grants. The constraint is documentation, not eligibility. Companies that maintain contemporaneous technical records from day one routinely access 3-4 programs on the same project.

Canada's R&D funding ecosystem has three structural layers. The first layer is tax credits (SR&ED plus provincial top-ups) — available to any company that performs qualifying R&D, claimed retroactively with no competition. The second layer is competitive grants (IRAP, Mitacs, NSERC Alliance, provincial innovation programs) — requiring applications, assessments, and approval. The third layer is strategic co-investment (superclusters, SRF) — reserved for large-scale projects with consortium partnerships. Source: Innovation Canada. Companies that access all three layers simultaneously achieve the highest R&D cost recovery rates — typically 50-70% of total innovation spending covered by some form of government support.

The superclusters represent a distinct funding channel. Five federally funded superclusters — NGen (manufacturing), Scale AI (artificial intelligence), DIGITAL (digital technology, BC-based), Protein Industries Canada (plant protein, prairies), and Ocean Supercluster (ocean industries, Atlantic) — distribute a combined $950 million in co-investment. Each supercluster operates independently with its own application process, eligibility criteria, and priority sectors. The common thread is a requirement for multi-company consortia — solo applicants are categorically ineligible. Building consortium relationships is the prerequisite, not filling out application forms. Source: Global Innovation Clusters.

Not Sure Which Programs You Qualify For?

Answer 12 questions about your business. Get a ranked list of R&D programs matched to your province, industry, and R&D stage — with a Funding Roadmap showing how to stack them.

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The R&D Funding Pyramid

Canada's R&D programs form a three-tier pyramid. Tax credits are the foundation — nearly every innovating company qualifies. Grants are the middle layer — competitive but accessible. Strategic funds at the top are invitation-only and reserved for transformative projects.

Tier 3 — Invitation-Only
Strategic Funds
$10M+ projects. Require multi-party consortia and 50%+ private co-funding.
SRF, NGen Projects, Digital Supercluster, Genome Canada LSARP
Tier 2 — Competitive Grants
R&D Grants
$50K-$1M. Applied through a competitive process. 20-70% approval rates.
IRAP, ISC, Mitacs, NSERC Alliance, Alberta Innovates, Innovate BC
Tier 1 — Foundation (Nearly Universal)
Tax Credits
Claim after the work is done. No competition — if you meet the criteria, you receive the credit.
SR&ED (federal), OITC, Alberta IEG, Quebec CRIC, BC IDMTC, SCII

The R&D Funding Pyramid illustrates why every innovating company should start at the base. SR&ED tax credits require no application, no competition, and no pre-approval — you claim them after fiscal year-end for work already completed. Once the SR&ED foundation is in place, layer on competitive grants (IRAP, Mitacs, provincial programs) for current and future projects. Strategic funds at the top are accessible only to established companies with multi-year R&D track records and consortium partnerships. Attempting to access Tier 3 without a Tier 1 foundation is the single most common strategic error Canadian R&D companies make.

Federal R&D Programs

The six federal programs most relevant to Canadian SMEs, with enrichment data from GrantCompass research.

Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP)

Open Year-Round Grant Federal
Up to $1M Non-repayable

IRAP provides non-repayable funding to Canadian SMEs pursuing technology innovation with genuine technical uncertainty. Each company is assigned a dedicated Industrial Technology Advisor (ITA) who serves as both a funding facilitator and an innovation mentor. IRAP is the entry point to Canada's broader innovation ecosystem — ITAs routinely connect companies to NRC Concierge referrals across 1,500+ programs.

Realistic Amount $75,000-$200,000 (first-time)
Processing Time 4-13 weeks (size-dependent)
Difficulty 3/5 — Moderate
Max Funding % 80% of eligible costs
Insider Tip: IRAP is a relationship program. The quality of your ITA relationship is the single most important success factor. Treat the ITA as a partner, share development plans openly, and engage early — before you need funding. ITAs who know your company's roadmap can identify funding opportunities you would not find independently.
Full IRAP Guide →

Scientific Research & Experimental Development (SR&ED)

Claim After Year-End Tax Credit Federal
35% ITC Refundable (CCPC)

SR&ED reimburses 35% of eligible R&D expenditures as a refundable investment tax credit for Canadian-controlled private corporations (CCPCs) on the first $3 million of qualifying spending. Non-CCPCs receive a 15% non-refundable credit. Combined with provincial credits, total reimbursement rates reach 46% in Ontario, 55%+ in Quebec, and up to 55% on incremental spending in Alberta. SR&ED is retroactive — you claim it after fiscal year-end for work already completed.

Realistic Amount $50,000-$300,000/year (SME)
Processing Time 60 days (45 days from Apr 2026)
Difficulty 4/5 — Complex documentation
Max Funding % 35% refundable (CCPC)
Insider Tip: Document as you go — CRA's single biggest audit trigger is reconstructed-after-the-fact documentation. Keep weekly or biweekly technical logs during the R&D work. A 5-minute log entry per week is worth more than a 50-page retrospective narrative.
SR&ED Calculator → Claim Guide →

Mitacs Accelerate

Open Year-Round Grant Federal
$15K/unit Per internship unit

Mitacs Accelerate connects businesses with graduate student and postdoctoral researchers at Canadian universities for applied R&D projects. Each internship unit lasts 4 months, and projects can include multiple units spanning up to 2 years. The partner organization contributes $7,500 per unit ($6,000 for cluster projects). Mitacs funds the remaining $15,000 ($20,000 for postdocs). The 99% approval rate means the real work happens before submission — invest time building your proposal with a Mitacs advisor.

Realistic Amount $15,000-$60,000 (1-4 units)
Processing Time 6-8 weeks from submission
Difficulty 2/5 — Accessible
Partner Cost $7,500/unit ($6,000 cluster)
Insider Tip: The project must contain genuine research content. Routine IT implementation, consulting, or operational work does not qualify. Frame your project around a specific research question with uncertain outcomes. Mitacs advisors will redirect your proposal if it reads as consulting.

Innovative Solutions Canada (ISC)

Challenge-Based Grant Federal
$150K-$1M Phase 1 + Phase 2

ISC funds innovation that solves specific government challenges through a two-phase model. Phase 1 provides up to $150,000 for proof-of-concept prototyping (6 months). Phase 2 offers up to $1,000,000 for pre-commercialization development (2 years). ISC is fully government-funded — no cost share required. DND challenges may award up to $300K (Phase 1) or $2M (Phase 2). The program published a new challenge approximately every 2-4 weeks throughout 2025.

Realistic Amount $120K-$150K (Phase 1)
Processing Time 2-4 months (Phase 1)
Difficulty 4/5 — Competitive
Max Funding % 100% (no cost share)
Insider Tip: The single most important success factor is directly addressing every Essential Outcome listed in the challenge notice. Evaluators use a strict pass/fail rubric — missing even one Essential Outcome results in automatic rejection regardless of innovation quality.

NSERC Alliance Advantage Grants

Open Year-Round Grant Federal
$20K-$1M/yr NSERC portion

NSERC Alliance Advantage grants fund collaborative research between university researchers and industry partners. The business does not apply — an academic researcher at a Canadian university submits the application. For every $1 in partner cash, NSERC contributes $2, tripling the research investment. Small grants ($20K-$75K/year) process in 5-9 weeks; medium grants ($75K-$300K/year) in 9-24 weeks. An Early Career Researcher voucher pilot allows a $10,000 voucher to replace all partner cash for a $30,000 starter project. Source: NSERC.

Realistic Amount $50,000-$300,000/year
Processing Time 5-24 weeks (size-dependent)
Difficulty 3/5 — Moderate
Partner Cash Ratio 1:2 (partner:NSERC)
Insider Tip: Your job as the industry partner is to find the right faculty member. Contact the university's Office of Research Partnerships or Industry Liaison Office — they maintain searchable researcher databases and will match your technology needs with appropriate faculty.

Next Generation Manufacturing Canada (NGen)

Challenge Cycles Program Federal
$600K-$3.2M Per consortium

NGen co-invests in advanced manufacturing R&D through challenge programs (AI4M, AMTP) that fund 40% of projects costing $1.5M-$8M. Individual SME receipts depend on consortium agreements, but typical participants receive $600K-$3.2M in NGen contribution. Feasibility Studies ($12.5K-$50K) and Pilot Projects ($50K-$250K) provide lower-barrier entry points. All programs require minimum two industry members with at least one SME. Source: NGen.

Realistic Amount $600K-$3.2M (challenge)
Processing Time 3-6 months
Difficulty 4/5 — Complex
Max Funding % 44% (56%+ private cost share)
Insider Tip: NGen is not a single program — it is a portfolio of 6-8 funding streams with different eligibility, funding rates, and timelines. Do not apply to "NGen" generically. Start with a Feasibility Study ($12.5K-$50K) to build a relationship, then scale to challenge programs.

Additional Federal R&D Programs

Scale AI Supercluster co-invests $1M-$5M per applied AI project. December 2025 round averaged $2.9M per project ($128.5M across 44 projects). Scale AI requires multi-company consortia (minimum 1 SME + 1 adopter) with 60%+ private cost share. The Acceleration program provides up to $50,000 for AI startups with lighter requirements. Scale AI has evolved beyond supply chain into the broadest applied AI co-investment platform in Canada — projects using AI in healthcare, natural resources, manufacturing, or agriculture all qualify. Source: Scale AI.

NRC IRAP Clean Technology Program inherited SDTC's mandate and operates through the ITA network. Funding ranges from $100K-$500K for most first-time applicants, with larger multi-year demonstrations reaching $1M+. The program requires demonstrated environmental benefit with specific, measurable, scalable impact — vague "green" claims are insufficient. TRL must be 5+ (proof of concept demonstrated). Applications begin with your ITA, not through a separate portal. Source: NRC.

CanExport Innovation covers 75% of costs (up to $37,500 per project) for establishing international R&D partnerships. Unlike CanExport SMEs (which funds export market development), CanExport Innovation funds the technology collaboration itself — travel, legal/IP fees, certification costs, and partner engagement. Pre-revenue deep-tech startups qualify (no minimum revenue requirement). Organizations can receive up to $100,000 across multiple projects within 12 months. The critical requirement: written proof of foreign partner interest confirming willingness to meet — applications without this letter are rejected. Source: Trade Commissioner Service.

ElevateIP Program provides up to $100K in subsidized IP strategy services — not cash, but access to patent agents, IP lawyers, and prior art search specialists through regional Business Accelerators and Incubators (BAIs) like Communitech, Invest Ottawa, and North Forge. The program is structured in tiers: Tier 1 (self-paced IP education, immediate), Tier 2 ($15K-$25K in services, 2-6 weeks), and Tier 3 ($40K-$75K, 4-12 weeks after Tier 2). Eligibility requires CCPC status — sole proprietorships and non-profits cannot participate. Women and Indigenous founders receive the most value through enhanced coverage. Source: ISED.

Defence Industry Assist (DI Assist) is a brand-new program (January 2026) with dedicated budget for SMEs developing defence and dual-use technologies. DI Assist operates through the IRAP framework — your first step is calling 1-877-994-4727 and requesting assignment to a defence-focused ITA. Funding ranges from $100K-$500K, matching standard IRAP contribution levels. The program was created to accelerate Canadian defence innovation capability in response to NATO and NORAD modernization priorities. First-time IRAP clients typically receive $75K-$200K. Technologies must demonstrate credible defence or dual-use application — civilian-only innovation should apply to core IRAP. Source: ISED.

Provincial R&D Programs Comparison

Provincial innovation programs complement federal SR&ED and IRAP. Every province offers its own R&D support — the table below compares the primary program in each province.

Province Primary Program Type Max Amount Realistic Amount Rate / Cost-Share Difficulty Processing
Ontario Ontario Innovation Tax Credit (OITC) Tax credit $240,000/yr $30,000-$120,000 8% of eligible 4-8 months
Alberta (IEG) Innovation Employment Grant (IEG) Tax credit $800,000/yr $40,000-$120,000 8-20% of eligible 4-8 months
Quebec CRIC (R&D Tax Credit) Tax credit 30% on first $1M $100,000-$350,000 20-30% refundable 3-6 months
BC Innovate BC Ignite Grant $300,000 $200,000-$300,000 30% of eligible 6-8 months
Alberta (Innovates) Alberta Innovates Voucher Grant $100,000 $50,000-$75,000 75% of eligible 6-8 weeks
Manitoba Innovation Growth Program Grant $100,000 $50,000-$100,000 50% of eligible 3-6 months
Saskatchewan SCII (Commercial Innovation) Tax incentive No cap $60,000-$300,000+/yr Reduced CIT to 6% 4-6 months
Atlantic ACOA BDP/AIF Grant $3,000,000 $100,000-$500,000 Up to 50% ~15 weeks
Best for first-time applicants: Alberta Innovates Micro Voucher ($10K, difficulty 2/5, 4-8 weeks) Highest combined value: Quebec CRIC + federal SR&ED = 55%+ reimbursement Most unique: Saskatchewan SCII — 10-15 year reduced CIT, no cap

Provincial R&D tax credits piggyback on your federal SR&ED filing. Ontario, Alberta, Quebec, and BC all calculate their provincial credit based on your Form T661 submission — you do not file a separate provincial application for the tax credit portion. However, each province has distinct rules. Ontario's OITC is refundable for CCPCs with less than $25M in taxable capital (phased out above $25M). Alberta's IEG uses a rolling 2-year average to determine which spending is "incremental" and eligible for the enhanced 20% rate. Quebec's CRIC offers 30% on the first $1M and 20% thereafter, but requires separate Revenu Quebec review. Source: Government of Ontario, Government of Alberta.

Provincial grant programs operate independently from tax credits. Alberta Innovates Voucher ($50K-$75K realistic, 6-8 week processing) and Micro Voucher ($7,500, 4-8 weeks) are the fastest-processing innovation grants in Canada. Innovate BC Ignite ($200K-$300K) funds industry-academic partnerships but takes 6-8 months to process. Manitoba's Innovation Growth Program ($50K-$100K) explicitly targets companies that do not qualify for other provincial programs — making it a strong fallback option. Saskatchewan's SCII takes a radically different approach: instead of a per-expenditure credit, it reduces your corporate income tax rate to 6% on revenue from qualifying novel IP for 10-15 years, with no annual cap. For companies with significant IP revenue, SCII generates more value than any per-expenditure credit. Source: Alberta Innovates.

The SR&ED + IRAP Stack

The most common and powerful R&D funding combination in Canada. Here is exactly how the math works — these programs complement each other, they do not conflict.

Scenario 1: Ontario Tech Startup (5 Developers, $500K R&D Wages)

A CCPC in Toronto with 5 developers spending 60% of time on eligible R&D. Total SR&ED-eligible wages: $500,000. IRAP covers $150,000 of those wages.

  • IRAP contribution (wages)$150,000
  • SR&ED federal ITC (35% x ($500K - $150K))$122,500
  • Ontario ITC (8% x ($500K - $150K))$28,000
  • Mitacs intern (2 units x $15K, partner pays $15K)$30,000
Total Government Support $330,500

Net company cost: $500K wages + $15K Mitacs match - $330,500 support = $184,500. Effective cost reduction: 66%. The IRAP reimbursement reduces the SR&ED base from $500K to $350K — you do not double-claim the same wages.

Scenario 2: Quebec Biotech (10 Researchers, $1.2M R&D Spend)

A CCPC in Montreal with 10 researchers, $1.2M in eligible R&D expenditures. IRAP covers $200K. Genome Canada GAPP contributes $500K for a genomics sub-project.

  • IRAP contribution$200,000
  • Genome Canada GAPP (matching)$500,000
  • SR&ED federal ITC (35% x ($1.2M - $700K))$175,000
  • Quebec CRIC (30% x $500K first-tier)$150,000
Total Government Support $1,025,000

Net company cost: $1.2M spend + $500K GAPP match - $1,025,000 support = $675,000. Quebec's CRIC 30% rate on the first $1M in eligible expenditures makes it the most generous provincial R&D credit in Canada.

Scenario 3: Alberta Manufacturer (Hardware R&D, $800K Project)

An Alberta CCPC with $800K in total R&D spending, including $600K in wages and $200K in materials. First year of R&D (no prior R&D baseline).

  • IRAP contribution (wages)$120,000
  • SR&ED federal ITC (35% x ($800K - $120K))$238,000
  • Alberta IEG (20% x $680K — all incremental)$136,000
  • Alberta Innovates Voucher$75,000
Total Government Support $569,000

Net company cost: $800K spend - $569K support = $231,000. Companies with no prior R&D history start with a $0 baseline under Alberta's IEG, meaning ALL first-year spending qualifies for the enhanced 20% rate — the most advantageous entry point among all provinces.

R&D Funding Scenarios

Three worked scenarios showing what specific companies realistically qualify for and how much they would receive.

💻

SaaS Startup in Ontario

2-year-old CCPC, 8 employees, $400K annual revenue, building AI-powered analytics platform

You have 5 developers spending approximately 50% of their time on genuine R&D — building novel machine learning models for industry-specific data analysis. Total eligible SR&ED wages: approximately $300,000.

Step 1 — SR&ED: File Form T661 claiming $300K in eligible wages. At the 35% enhanced CCPC rate, this generates $105,000 in refundable federal credits. The Ontario Innovation Tax Credit adds 8% on the same base: $24,000 provincial refund. Combined: $129,000 annually.

Step 2 — IRAP: Contact NRC-IRAP for an ITA assignment. As a first-time applicant with a clear technology roadmap, you are a strong candidate. Realistic first award: $75,000-$150,000 covering 80% of a 6-month R&D sprint. This reduces your SR&ED base for the funded period but the net effect is still positive.

Step 3 — Mitacs: Partner with a University of Toronto or Waterloo researcher for a 2-unit internship on your ML pipeline. Cost to you: $15,000 for $30,000 of research capacity. Processing: 6-8 weeks, 99% approval rate.

Step 4 — ElevateIP: Access $15,000-$25,000 in subsidized IP strategy services through Communitech or Invest Ottawa to protect your novel algorithms.

Estimated Annual R&D Support

$249,000-$349,000

SR&ED $129K + IRAP $75K-$150K + Mitacs $30K + ElevateIP $15K-$40K

⚙️

Advanced Manufacturer in Alberta

10-year-old CCPC, 45 employees, $8M revenue, developing automated quality inspection system

You are developing a machine vision system for automated defect detection on your production line — genuine technological uncertainty exists in adapting computer vision to your specific manufacturing tolerances. Total eligible R&D wages: $600,000. Materials and prototyping costs: $200,000.

SR&ED foundation: Claim $800K in eligible expenditures. Federal ITC at 35%: $280,000. Alberta Innovation Employment Grant at the base 8% rate (you have prior R&D history): $64,000. If any spending is incremental above your 2-year average, the enhanced 20% rate applies to that portion.

IRAP contribution: With 45 employees you remain eligible (under 500). A $200,000 IRAP award covering wages for 2 key R&D engineers is realistic for an established company with a defined project scope.

NGen potential: Your AI-powered quality inspection system aligns with NGen's AI for Manufacturing (AI4M) challenge program. A Feasibility Study ($12.5K-$50K) is the logical entry point. If successful, a full challenge project could bring $600K-$1M in NGen co-investment — but you need at least one consortium partner (a university or another manufacturer).

Alberta Innovates Voucher: Access $50,000-$75,000 for engaging an Alberta-based service provider to assist with ML model development or sensor integration.

Estimated Annual R&D Support

$644,000-$719,000

SR&ED $280K + Alberta IEG $64K + IRAP $200K + AB Innovates $50K-$75K + NGen Feasibility $50K

🧪

Biotech Startup in Quebec

3-year-old CCPC, 12 employees, $200K revenue, developing diagnostic assay using novel biomarkers

Your entire operation is R&D — 10 of 12 employees work on developing a novel diagnostic platform. Total eligible R&D expenditures: $1.1M (wages $900K, materials $200K).

SR&ED + Quebec CRIC: Federal SR&ED at 35% on $1.1M: $385,000. Quebec CRIC at 30% on the first $1M: $300,000. Combined federal + provincial R&D credits: $685,000 — recovering 62% of your total R&D spend through tax credits alone.

IRAP: Apply for $150,000-$200,000 through your ITA. The IRAP award reduces your SR&ED base, but the net is still significantly positive. IRAP also connects you to the NRC Digital Research Infrastructure, which provides access to high-performance computing for computational biology.

Genome Canada GAPP: If your biomarker research involves genomic applications, GAPP provides $300K-$2M in matching funds. Your regional Genome Centre (Genome Quebec) pre-screens applications and actively helps shape proposals. This requires an academic PI as co-applicant.

CIHR Industry Partnered Research: Partner with a McGill or Universite de Montreal researcher. CIHR does not fund businesses directly, but the academic PI receives $200K+/year for research that directly benefits your diagnostic platform. You gain access to research outcomes and trained personnel.

Life Sciences Innovation Fund (LSIF): If you are in an active $1-$5M fundraising round with Ontario-based investors, LSIF co-invests up to $500K. Not available to Quebec-only operations.

Estimated Year 1 R&D Support

$835,000-$1,185,000

SR&ED $385K + CRIC $300K + IRAP $150K-$200K + potential GAPP/CIHR $0-$300K

Eligibility Quick-Check

Top 5 R&D programs with explicit qualification and disqualification criteria. The negative gates are drawn from real rejection data.

SR&ED Tax Credit

  • You performed work with genuine technological uncertainty (not routine engineering)
  • You are a taxable entity in Canada (CCPC, public corporation, or individual)
  • You filed Form T661 within 18 months of your fiscal year-end
  • You do NOT qualify if: your work involves routine software development, standard installation, or quality control testing without technological advancement
  • You do NOT qualify if: you missed the 18-month filing deadline — this forfeiture is permanent with no appeal
  • You do NOT qualify if: your documentation was created retroactively without contemporaneous records — CRA's top audit trigger

IRAP

  • You are a Canadian SME (under 500 employees) incorporated in Canada
  • Your project involves genuine technical uncertainty and innovation
  • You have a commercialization plan with identifiable market path
  • You do NOT qualify if: your project is routine IT, incremental improvement, or standard software development
  • You do NOT qualify if: work has already begun before receiving IRAP approval — IRAP cannot fund retroactively
  • You do NOT qualify if: you lack a clear path from R&D to revenue (pure research without commercial intent)

Mitacs Accelerate

  • You are a Canadian company of any size willing to co-fund $7,500 per intern unit
  • Your project contains genuine research content with uncertain outcomes
  • You have identified a university supervisor and graduate student
  • You do NOT qualify if: the intern was previously employed full-time at your organization
  • You do NOT qualify if: your project is routine consulting, IT implementation, or operational work
  • You do NOT qualify if: you cannot provide new funds (existing contracts or in-kind alone are insufficient)

NSERC Alliance Advantage

  • You are partnering with a university researcher who will submit the application
  • Your project involves natural sciences or engineering research
  • You are willing to contribute cash (minimum 1/3 of total project cost)
  • You do NOT qualify if: your project is routine testing, certification, or validation of existing products
  • You do NOT qualify if: you cannot commit cash contributions (in-kind alone is insufficient for Alliance Advantage)
  • You do NOT qualify if: your partner organization fails the National Security Risk Assessment

Innovative Solutions Canada (ISC)

  • You are a for-profit Canadian company with fewer than 500 employees
  • Your innovation addresses a specific posted government challenge
  • Your technology is at TRL 1-4 (Phase 1) or TRL 5-9 (Phase 2)
  • You do NOT qualify if: you fail to address ALL Essential Outcomes in the challenge notice (automatic rejection)
  • You do NOT qualify if: your technology is an incremental improvement of widely available products
  • You do NOT qualify if: no open challenge matches your technology — ISC does not accept unsolicited proposals

Application Timeline

When to apply for each R&D program relative to your project lifecycle. Source: GrantCompass enrichment data.

Before R&D Starts
Contact IRAP and Start Documentation
Call 1-877-994-4727 for ITA assignment 2-4 months before your R&D sprint. Begin weekly technical logs immediately — SR&ED documentation is strongest when started before the work, not after. IRAP requires pre-approval; SR&ED does not.
Month 1-2
Submit IRAP Proposal and Mitacs Application
IRAP processes proposals in 4-13 weeks depending on size. Mitacs Accelerate takes 6-8 weeks. Submit both early so funding is confirmed before you scale R&D spending. Begin provincial grant applications (Alberta Innovates Voucher: 6-8 weeks; Innovate BC Ignite: 6 months).
Month 3-12
Execute R&D and Maintain Records
Document weekly: what technical uncertainty you faced, what hypotheses you tested, what you observed, what you learned. Track time allocation between R&D and operational work with separate accounting codes. Keep all receipts, timesheets, and technical records.
Fiscal Year-End + 3 Months
File SR&ED Claim (Form T661)
File with your T2 corporate tax return. Most provinces (Ontario, Alberta, Quebec, BC) calculate their R&D credit automatically based on your federal filing. Processing takes 60 days if not reviewed; CRA targets 45 days from April 2026. Deadline: 18 months from fiscal year-end — absolute, no extensions.
Ongoing
Apply to Competitive Programs as Challenges Open
ISC posts new challenges every 2-4 weeks. NGen runs challenge cycles 2-3 times per year. NSERC Alliance Advantage accepts applications year-round. Monitor these programs continuously rather than planning a single application window.

Common Mistakes

Ten specific pitfalls from real rejection data. These are the actual reasons R&D funding applications fail.

1 Reconstructed documentation

CRA's single biggest SR&ED audit trigger. Creating technical narratives months after the work was done produces vague, generic descriptions that fail review. Keep weekly logs during the R&D — 5 minutes per entry prevents $100K+ in lost credits.

2 Missing the 18-month SR&ED deadline

Form T661 must be filed within 18 months of your fiscal year-end. Missing this deadline permanently forfeits the claim — there is no appeal, no extension, no exception. File even if eligibility is uncertain; you cannot file late.

3 Starting IRAP-funded work before approval

IRAP cannot fund retroactively. If you begin the specific work activities before your proposal is approved, those costs are permanently ineligible. Build 2-4 months of lead time into your project timeline for the ITA relationship and proposal process.

4 Describing routine engineering as R&D

Both SR&ED and IRAP require genuine technological uncertainty — a problem that cannot be solved using existing knowledge and standard practice. Building a mobile app using established frameworks is development, not R&D. Developing a novel algorithm that does not exist in the literature is R&D.

5 Applying to superclusters as a solo company

NGen, Scale AI, DIGITAL, and Protein Industries all require multi-partner consortia — minimum 2 industry members with at least 1 SME. Solo applications are automatically rejected regardless of innovation quality. Build consortium relationships before applying.

6 Double-claiming the same expenditure

When stacking SR&ED with IRAP, the IRAP reimbursement must reduce your SR&ED eligible expenditure base. Claiming $500K in SR&ED wages when $150K of those wages were already reimbursed by IRAP triggers an audit. Maintain separate accounting codes for each program.

7 Vague commercialization plans

IRAP, ISC, Innovate BC Ignite, and NGen all evaluate your path from R&D to market revenue. "We will commercialize the technology" is insufficient. Specify: target customer segments, pricing model, competitive landscape, revenue projections, and go-to-market timeline with milestones.

8 Ignoring provincial R&D credits

Many companies file federal SR&ED but neglect provincial top-ups. Ontario's OITC adds 8%. Alberta's IEG adds 8-20%. Quebec's CRIC adds 20-30%. These provincial credits are calculated automatically through the federal filing process — but you must ensure your T2 includes the correct provincial schedules.

9 Submitting an NSERC Alliance application without an academic partner

The business does not apply — the university researcher submits the application. Companies that approach NSERC directly waste time. Contact the university's Industry Liaison Office or Office of Research Partnerships to find the right faculty member first.

10 Treating ISC challenges as generic R&D funding

ISC is challenge-driven — you must address a specific posted government need. Evaluators use a strict rubric with pass/fail Essential Outcomes. An innovative technology that does not address the specific challenge will be rejected. Monitor the ISC challenge portal and apply only when your technology directly matches.

Alternatives If You Don't Qualify

Adjacent funding paths for companies that do not meet R&D program criteria.

If your work is digital transformation rather than R&D: The technology grants ecosystem includes provincial digital adoption programs and regional development agency grants for digital transformation. The Ontario OIDMTC covers 35% of eligible labour costs for interactive digital media development — a broader definition than SR&ED's technological uncertainty requirement.

If you need equipment or facility funding: The grants directory includes capital investment programs like CSBFP (up to $1M for equipment and leasehold improvements) and regional development agency programs (FedDev Ontario, PacifiCan, PrairiesCan, ACOA) that fund equipment purchases at 50% cost share.

If you are training employees for new technology: The training grants guide covers programs like the Canada-Ontario Job Grant ($10,000 per employee for skills training) and BC Employer Training Grant (80% of training costs up to $10,000 per employee). These programs fund upskilling without requiring the R&D eligibility threshold.

If you are hiring researchers or engineers: The wage subsidy guide covers programs like Green Jobs STIP (75% wage subsidy for clean tech roles), Digital Skills for Youth ($30K per graduate internship), and Student Work Placement Program (50-75% wage subsidies for co-op students).

If you are expanding internationally: Export funding including CanExport SMEs ($50K per project, 50% cost share) and CanExport Innovation ($37,500 per project, 75% cost share for R&D partnerships abroad) may suit your needs better than domestic R&D programs. The Canadian International Innovation Program (CIIP) funds up to $600K for co-innovation projects with partners in target markets including India, Israel, Japan, and South Korea.

If you are in defence or space technology: Specialized programs exist outside the general R&D ecosystem. Defence Industry Assist (DI Assist) launched January 2026 with dedicated budget for dual-use technology SMEs — $100K-$500K through the IRAP framework. Innovation for Defence Excellence and Security (IDEaS) funds $200K-$1.5M per challenge-driven project. The Canadian Space Agency STDP provides $150K-$1M for space technology at TRL 1-6. These programs have distinct evaluation criteria focused on Canadian content requirements (50%+ for IDEaS) and alignment with specific capability gaps identified by the Canadian Armed Forces or CSA.

If you are in agriculture or food technology: The Sustainable Canadian Agricultural Partnership (SCAP) funds through provincial delivery partners. The HARVEST Accelerator from Genome Canada provides $350K-$750K in matching funds for genomics-based agriculture and cleantech commercialization — with approximately 2-month processing, it is the fastest Genome Canada pathway. New Brunswick's Enabling Agricultural Research and Innovation program provides up to $30,000/year for agricultural innovation projects.

The Innovation Readiness Scale

Which R&D programs match which stage of innovation maturity. Not all programs fund all stages — applying to the wrong program for your Technology Readiness Level (TRL) is the second most common rejection reason after documentation failures.

💡
Concept
TRL 1-3
NSERC Alliance, SSHRC PEG, SR&ED, Mitacs, CICan ARD
🔧
Prototype
TRL 4-6
IRAP, ISC Phase 1, Alberta Innovates, Innovate BC, ElevateIP, CSA STDP
🚀
Demonstration
TRL 7-8
ISC Phase 2, NGen, IRAP Clean Tech, EIP, MICA, SPII
🎯
Commercialization
TRL 9+
SCII, SRF, NGen challenge, Scale AI, GAPP, HARVEST

The Innovation Readiness Scale maps directly to the R&D Funding Pyramid. Concept-stage work (TRL 1-3) is best funded through university partnerships (NSERC Alliance, Mitacs) and SR&ED credits — these programs accept theoretical uncertainty and fund exploration without requiring a commercial product. NSERC Alliance Advantage grants process small applications ($20K-$75K/year) in as little as 5 weeks. Mitacs Accelerate has a 99% approval rate and is the single lowest-barrier entry point to federally funded research.

Prototype-stage work (TRL 4-6) is IRAP's sweet spot — the largest pool of non-repayable funding for this stage. IRAP processes proposals in 4-13 weeks depending on size, making it faster than most competitive grants. ISC Phase 1 ($150K) also targets this stage, but requires alignment with a specific government challenge. Alberta Innovates Voucher ($50K-$75K) and ElevateIP ($15K-$75K in IP services) provide additional support at this stage. CSA's Space Technology Development Program funds TRL 1-6 space technology at $150K-$1M through periodic Announcements of Opportunity.

Demonstration-stage work (TRL 7-8) requires competitive grants and often involves multi-partner projects. NGen challenge programs, ISC Phase 2 ($1M), IRAP Clean Technology stream ($100K-$500K), and the Energy Innovation Program ($500K-$4M) all target this stage. The Mining Innovation Commercialization Accelerator (MICA) funds $500K projects at TRL 6+ for mining sector demonstrations. The Saskatchewan Petroleum Innovation Incentive (SPII) provides transferable tax credits of $1M-$5M for first-of-kind energy technology deployments at TRL 7+.

Commercialization-stage work (TRL 9+) shifts to strategic funds, tax incentives on IP revenue, and co-investment programs that require proven market traction. Saskatchewan's SCII is unique at this stage — it reduces corporate income tax to 6% on qualifying IP revenue for 10-15 years. The Strategic Response Fund targets $10M+ transformative projects. Scale AI and NGen challenge programs also fund late-stage commercialization when structured as consortium projects. At this stage, export programs like CanExport Innovation ($37,500, 75% cost share) fund international R&D partnerships that accelerate market entry.

Full R&D Program Comparison

All 30 R&D programs compared by type, amount, difficulty, processing time, and best use case.

Program Type Level Max Amount Realistic Amount Difficulty Processing Best For
SR&ED Tax credit Federal 35% ITC $50K-$300K/yr 4/5 45-60 days Every innovating CCPC
IRAP Grant Federal $1M $75K-$200K 3/5 4-13 weeks SMEs with tech uncertainty
Mitacs Accelerate Grant Federal $15K/unit $15K-$60K 2/5 6-8 weeks Academic R&D partnerships
ISC Grant Federal $1M (Phase 2) $120K-$150K 4/5 2-4 months Government challenge solvers
NSERC Alliance Grant Federal $1M/year $50K-$300K/yr 3/5 5-24 weeks University-industry research
NGen Program Federal $3.2M $600K-$3.2M 4/5 3-6 months Manufacturing consortia
Scale AI Grant Federal $5M $400K-$2M 4/5 1-3 months Applied AI projects
IRAP Clean Tech Grant Federal $1M+ $100K-$500K 4/5 4-7 months Clean tech demonstrations
DI Assist Grant Federal $500K $100K-$500K 3/5 3-6 months Defence/dual-use tech
ISC (DND) Grant Federal $2M $300K-$1M 4/5 2-4 months Defence innovation
EIP (NRCan) Grant Federal $4M $500K-$4M 5/5 9-18 months Clean energy R&D
CanExport Innovation Grant Federal $37,500 $11K-$37.5K 3/5 ~12 weeks International R&D collab
CIIP Grant Federal $600K $150K-$400K 4/5 ~6 months Int'l co-innovation
ElevateIP Program Federal $100K $15K-$75K 2/5 2-12 weeks IP strategy services
NSERC ARD Grant Federal $150K/yr $25K-$100K/yr 3/5 5-28 weeks College-industry R&D
CSA STDP Grant Federal $1M $300K-$800K 4/5 16 weeks Space technology
Genome Canada GAPP Grant Federal $2M $800K-$2M 5/5 6-9 months Genomic applications
IDEaS Grant Federal $1.5M $200K-$1.5M 4/5 3-6 months Defence R&D
HARVEST Grant Federal $750K $400K-$500K 3/5 ~2 months Agri-tech genomics
OITC (Ontario) Tax credit Provincial $240K/yr $30K-$120K 3/5 4-8 months Ontario CCPCs
Alberta IEG Tax credit Provincial $800K/yr $40K-$120K 4/5 4-8 months Alberta R&D companies
Quebec CRIC Tax credit Provincial 30% on $1M $100K-$350K 4/5 3-6 months Quebec CCPCs (best rate)
AB Innovates Voucher Grant Provincial $100K $50K-$75K 3/5 6-8 weeks Alberta TRL 4-9 tech
AB Innovates Micro Grant Provincial $10K $7,500 2/5 4-8 weeks Alberta early-stage
Innovate BC Ignite Grant Provincial $300K $200K-$300K 4/5 6-8 months BC industry-academic
MB Innovation Growth Grant Provincial $100K $50K-$100K 3/5 3-6 months Manitoba CCPCs <$15M rev
SK SCII Tax incentive Provincial No cap $60K-$300K+/yr 4/5 4-6 months IP commercialization
ACOA BDP/AIF Grant Federal $3M $100K-$500K 3/5 ~15 weeks Atlantic Canada R&D
OVIN (Ontario) Program Provincial $1M $50K-$100K 3/5 3-6 months EV/auto tech R&D
LSIF (Ontario) Program Provincial $500K $500K 3/5 2-4 months Life sciences fundraising
SRF Forgivable loan Federal $50M $10M-$50M 5/5 12-18 months Large-scale transformation
Most accessible: Mitacs (2/5, 99% approval) Best value for money: SR&ED + provincial credit Largest single award: SRF ($10M-$50M, difficulty 5/5)

What Changed in Canada's R&D Funding in 2026

Budget 2025 brought three structural changes to Canada's R&D support ecosystem: the SR&ED expenditure limit doubled from $3M to $6M, SDTC's mandate moved into IRAP's clean tech stream, and a new Defence Industry Assist program launched. Processing timelines for SR&ED refundable claims also improved materially.

SR&ED Expenditure Limit: $3M → $6M (Budget 2025)

The single most significant change for R&D-intensive companies: Budget 2025 raised the SR&ED enhanced rate expenditure limit directly from $3M to $6M. There was no intermediate step. This means a CCPC can now generate up to $2.1M per year in enhanced SR&ED credits (35% × $6M) — up from the old maximum of $1.05M. The old $3M limit dated to 2008 and had never been indexed to inflation. For a company with $6M in eligible R&D expenditures, the difference between old and new rules is approximately $1.05M in additional refundable credits per year. Source: Budget 2025, Government of Canada

SDTC Mandate Absorbed by NRC IRAP (2025-2026)

Sustainable Development Technology Canada (SDTC) — which funded clean technology demonstrations at $100K-$500K per project — had its mandate transferred to NRC and delivered through the IRAP clean technology stream. Companies that previously worked with SDTC should now contact an IRAP Industrial Technology Advisor and specify clean technology interest. The mandate transfer preserved most of SDTC's project eligibility criteria: TRL 5+ required, measurable environmental benefit mandatory, Canadian company required. Effective processing time is 4-7 months through IRAP's ITA network, consistent with standard IRAP timelines. Source: NRC IRAP Program

SR&ED Refundable Claims: New 45-Day Processing Target (April 2026)

CRA committed to processing non-reviewed SR&ED refundable claims within 45 business days, effective April 2026, down from a prior 60-day standard. This matters for cash-flow planning: a pre-revenue startup filing a $200K SR&ED claim can now realistically budget to receive the refund within 9-10 weeks of filing. Reviewed claims (selected for audit) are exempt from this target and take 12-24+ months. Source: CRA SR&ED Program

Defence Industry Assist (DI Assist): New Stream, January 2026

DI Assist launched in January 2026 as the first new IRAP-adjacent stream in over a decade. It creates dedicated budget for SMEs developing defence and dual-use technologies, with $100K-$500K per award through the IRAP framework. The trigger for its creation was the NORAD modernization commitment and Canada's pledged increase in defence spending. To access DI Assist, call IRAP at 1-877-994-4727 and specifically request a defence-focused ITA — the general IRAP ITA network is separate from the DI Assist pool. Source: ISED, Defence Industry Assist

Clean Technology ITC: 30% Refundable Investment Tax Credit (Ongoing)

The Clean Technology Investment Tax Credit (CT-ITC) provides a 30% refundable credit on eligible clean technology equipment — solar, wind, energy storage, and zero-emission industrial vehicles. For R&D companies developing clean tech hardware, this is a capital-cost recovery tool that stacks with SR&ED on the R&D expenditure side. It is distinct from SR&ED (which covers labour and materials for experimental development) — the CT-ITC covers capital equipment deployed commercially. A cleantech manufacturer commissioning $10M of manufacturing equipment would receive $3M refundable, regardless of SR&ED status. Source: Budget 2025, NRCan Clean Technology ITC

R&D Funding by Company Profile

Six distinct types of Canadian companies access R&D funding differently. Which profile fits you most closely?

The programs you should pursue depend heavily on your company's stage, sector, and research structure. A solo founder building software faces very different program eligibility than a 50-person manufacturer with an internal R&D team. Use the profiles below to identify your path, then stack programs systematically.

🚀

Early-Stage Tech Founder (Pre-Revenue or Seed Stage)

1-3 year CCPC, 1-8 employees, $0-$500K revenue, software or hardware product in development

You're in a good position because you probably qualify for the most valuable R&D programs right now — and the competition is lower than you'd expect. Here's what you need to know: SR&ED should be your first priority even before you've hired a consultant. You can file retroactively for any fiscal year that ended within the last 18 months. A founding team of 2 full-time engineers spending 60% of their time on qualifying work can generate $80,000-$150,000 in refundable SR&ED credits annually. This is the fastest cash you'll see from any government program.

For IRAP, your ITA relationship is the bottleneck, not the application. Call 1-877-994-4727 now — even before you have a finished proposal. IRAP cannot fund retroactively, so the relationship needs to precede the project. First-time IRAP grants average $94,000. Mitacs Accelerate at $15,000 per intern unit (your cost: $7,500) is the easiest federal program to access — 99% approval rate, and grad student researchers can accelerate your technical work meaningfully.

Warning: avoid superclusters at this stage. NGen, Scale AI, and DIGITAL all require multi-company consortia. Solo applications are automatically rejected. Build your track record on SR&ED + IRAP + Mitacs first.

Realistic Year 1 R&D Support Stack

  • SR&ED (federal + Ontario OITC): $80,000-$180,000 refundable
  • IRAP (if approved): $75,000-$150,000 non-repayable
  • Mitacs Accelerate (1-2 interns): $15,000-$30,000
  • Total potential: $170,000-$360,000 in year 1
⚙️

Scale-Up Deep-Tech Company (Series A/B Stage)

4-10 year CCPC, 20-100 employees, $2M-$20M revenue, proprietary technology platform with IP portfolio

Here's what you need to know about accessing R&D funding at scale: your total addressable recovery is significantly higher than most companies realize, but you need to run three programs in parallel. SR&ED at this stage can generate $400,000-$2.1M per year — now that the expenditure limit is $6M under Budget 2025 changes. You should be working with a specialized SR&ED consulting firm (not a generalist accountant), because the documentation requirements at this level require dedicated technical writing support.

IRAP remains relevant for new project streams even at this stage. Many scale-ups make the error of abandoning IRAP once they hit Series A — but IRAP can fund specific new technology development projects even for larger companies, particularly if the project has a defined scope and technical uncertainty. Separate IRAP from your ongoing SR&ED base.

At your stage, NSERC Alliance Advantage becomes compelling: every $1 you contribute to a university research partnership generates $2 from NSERC. A $150K/year industry contribution unlocks $300K in additional research. This is the highest leverage program in Canada's R&D ecosystem. Contact your nearest university's Industry Liaison Office to find a faculty partner. ElevateIP's Tier 3 ($40K-$75K in subsidized IP services) should also be on your radar to formalize and protect your IP portfolio before international expansion. Source: NSERC Alliance Grants Program

Realistic Annual R&D Support Stack

  • SR&ED (federal 35% + provincial): $400K-$2.1M/year
  • IRAP (new project streams): $100K-$300K/year
  • NSERC Alliance (with university partner): $150K-$500K/year
  • ElevateIP Tier 3 (IP services): $40K-$75K one-time
  • Total potential: $700K-$3M/year
🏭

Manufacturer with Internal R&D Department

Established CCPC, 50-500 employees, $15M-$150M revenue, process innovation or product line development R&D

Manufacturing companies with internal R&D teams often underutilize their funding potential because they separate "manufacturing" from "R&D" in their internal accounting. Here's the critical insight: process improvement R&D qualifies for SR&ED as fully as product R&D — developing a new manufacturing process with technological uncertainty is eligible even if the end product is conventional. Many manufacturers recover $500K-$2.1M annually in SR&ED credits by properly documenting process innovation work.

At your revenue scale, the NGen supercluster becomes accessible. NGen's AI4M (AI for Manufacturing) and AMTP programs fund $600K-$3.2M per project but require multi-company consortia. Start with a NGen Feasibility Study ($12.5K-$50K) to establish the relationship and map the consortium, then scale to a full challenge application. IRAP is still viable for specific technology development projects, particularly if you have a new product line or process technology at TRL 3-5. Source: NGen Manufacturing Programs

Provincial R&D programs add a meaningful layer. Alberta's Innovation Employment Grant provides 8% base rate and 20% enhanced rate on incremental R&D spending — particularly valuable for manufacturers ramping up R&D. Ontario's OVIN provides $100K-$1M for EV, connected, and autonomous vehicle technology.

Realistic Annual R&D Support Stack

  • SR&ED federal + provincial (process R&D): $500K-$2.1M
  • IRAP (new product/process streams): $200K-$500K
  • NGen (feasibility to challenge): $50K-$3.2M (project-dependent)
  • Total potential: $750K-$5.8M
🧪

Biotech or Medtech Company

3-8 year CCPC, 10-40 employees, pre-revenue or early revenue, regulatory pathway (Health Canada, FDA) in progress

Biotech and medtech companies face a distinctive funding challenge: long development timelines mean you need to sustain high R&D spend for 5-10 years before commercial revenue. SR&ED is your essential lifeline — a biotech with $6M/year in eligible R&D expenditures (scientists, lab materials, contract CROs) can now generate up to $2.1M/year in refundable federal credits alone under the Budget 2025 enhanced-rate ceiling (previously capped at roughly $1.05M/year under the $3M limit). Virtually every dollar spent on preclinical research, clinical trial design, and regulatory pathway development qualifies.

CIHR Industry Partnered Research grants are the other major federal pathway — averaging $216K/year for academic-industry health research partnerships. For genomics-based platforms, Genome Canada's GAPP provides $300K-$2M with approximately $500M in annual co-investment capacity. The Life Sciences Innovation Fund (LSIF) in Ontario provides up to $500K for early-stage life sciences companies in active $1M-$5M fundraising rounds — critically, it requires concurrent private funding, making it useful alongside a Seed or Series A close. Source: Genome Canada GAPP

Realistic Annual R&D Support Stack

  • SR&ED (federal, at $6M limit): up to $2.1M/year refundable
  • CIHR / Genome Canada GAPP: $200K-$2M
  • LSIF Ontario (with fundraising round): up to $500K
  • Mitacs Accelerate (PhD researchers): $15K-$60K/year
  • Total potential: $2.4M-$4.7M+/year
🌿

Cleantech or Applied Research Company

2-7 year CCPC, 5-30 employees, hardware product or process technology with measurable environmental benefit

Cleantech companies have access to the richest program stack in Canada's R&D ecosystem right now. Three programs are simultaneously active and complementary: SR&ED, the IRAP Clean Technology stream, and the Clean Technology ITC. The CT-ITC provides a 30% refundable credit on capital equipment deployed commercially — this stacks with SR&ED on the R&D side. A company spending $2M on eligible R&D and commissioning $3M in manufacturing equipment can recover $700K in SR&ED credits + $900K in CT-ITC = $1.6M in the same fiscal year.

The Energy Innovation Program (NRCan, $500K-$4M per project) is the largest single grant available for clean energy technology R&D, though processing takes 9-18 months. For clean tech companies at TRL 5-7, the IRAP Clean Technology stream — which absorbed SDTC's mandate — provides $100K-$500K through the ITA network. Stack the IRAP CT stream on top of SR&ED for the same project period: IRAP covers wages during the project, SR&ED provides additional credits on remaining eligible expenditures. Source: Budget 2025; NRCan Energy Innovation Program

Realistic Annual R&D Support Stack

  • SR&ED (federal + provincial): $200K-$1.5M
  • IRAP Clean Technology stream: $100K-$500K
  • Clean Technology ITC (on capital equipment): $300K-$3M
  • EIP (NRCan, major projects): $500K-$4M
  • Total potential: $1.1M-$9M (project-dependent)
🏫

University Spin-Off or Academic Partnership

0-3 year CCPC, 1-10 employees, technology licensed from a Canadian university, academic co-founders or advisors

If you've spun out of a Canadian university, you have advantages most founders don't: existing academic relationships, access to NSERC Alliance co-funding through your academic supervisor, and documented research history that strengthens SR&ED claims. The most important thing to do in year 1 is maintain the academic relationship explicitly — university supervisors and faculty collaborators can co-apply for NSERC Alliance Advantage grants on your behalf, bringing $2 of federal funding for every $1 of industry cash you contribute.

Mitacs Accelerate is also uniquely accessible for spin-offs: your academic network makes finding qualified grad students straightforward, and the 99% approval rate means it's essentially guaranteed funding. A spin-off with 2 Mitacs interns receives $30,000 in federal funding for a $15,000 cost — the most capital-efficient R&D funding in Canada. IRAP, SR&ED, and ElevateIP (for IP strategy) round out the stack. Source: Mitacs Accelerate Program; ElevateIP — ISED

Realistic Year 1 Stack

  • NSERC Alliance (via academic co-PI): $50K-$300K
  • Mitacs Accelerate (2-4 interns): $30K-$60K
  • SR&ED: $40K-$150K refundable
  • ElevateIP Tier 2-3: $15K-$75K IP services
  • Total potential: $135K-$585K in year 1

Expert Verdicts: Which Programs Win for Which Goals

Definitive answers to the most common R&D program selection questions, based on program design, real approval data, and stacking mechanics. Zero hedging — these are the actual best options, not a list of "it depends."

Verdict — First Program to Access

The best first R&D program for any Canadian CCPC is SR&ED. It requires no pre-approval, has no competition, and pays retroactively on work already completed. A company with five engineers spending 50% of time on qualifying R&D generates $175,000-$350,000 in refundable credits per year. No other program delivers this combination of accessibility, certainty, and dollar value. File Form T661 within 18 months of your fiscal year-end — the deadline is absolute.

Verdict — Best Grant for SMEs at Prototype Stage

The best competitive grant for prototype-stage SMEs is IRAP, not any provincial program. IRAP provides $75,000-$200,000 for first-time applicants, processes in 4-13 weeks, and covers up to 80% of eligible wages. The key advantage over ISC or NGen: IRAP can be initiated with a single phone call to your ITA, requires no consortium, and has no specific challenge requirement. Build the ITA relationship now, before you need the funding — IRAP cannot fund retroactively.

Verdict — Best Province for R&D Credits (Beyond Federal SR&ED)

Quebec offers the highest combined R&D credit rate in Canada: approximately 55%+ of eligible expenditures for a CCPC. The CRIC (Quebec R&D tax credit) provides 20-30% on top of federal SR&ED's 35%, with the highest rate (30%) applying to the first $1M. A Quebec CCPC with $1M in eligible R&D recovers $550,000+ through combined credits. Ontario's OITC adds 8% (up to $240K/year). Alberta's IEG adds 8-20% on incremental spending. Quebec wins on combined rate; Alberta wins on incremental R&D growth incentive. Source: Revenu Québec CRIC

Verdict — Highest-Leverage Program in Canada's R&D Ecosystem

NSERC Alliance Advantage grants are the highest-leverage federal program available to established Canadian companies. Every $1 you contribute to a university research partnership generates $2 from NSERC — tripling the value of your research investment. A $150K industry contribution unlocks $450K in total research value. The barrier is finding the right faculty partner, not paperwork. Contact your university's Industry Liaison Office this week rather than pursuing another grant application. Source: NSERC Alliance Advantage

Verdict — Best Program for Pre-Revenue Startups

For pre-revenue CCPCs, SR&ED is the best program precisely because it is fully refundable. A pre-revenue company owes zero corporate tax, but still receives the full 35% refundable credit as cash from CRA — typically $80,000-$180,000 per year for a small founding team. This makes SR&ED more valuable to pre-revenue companies than to profitable ones, where it only offsets taxes owed. Pair with Mitacs Accelerate (99% approval, $7,500 industry cost per intern unit) for the most accessible dual-program start.

Side-by-Side Program Comparisons

The most common comparison questions answered with structured data. Each table covers the decision point that actually matters when choosing between two programs, not generic feature lists.

IRAP vs SR&ED: Which do you pursue first? This is the most common R&D funding question in Canada — and the answer is both, but in the right order and with an understanding of how they interact.

IRAP vs SR&ED: The Key Differences
DimensionIRAPSR&ED
When you applyBefore the work starts (prospective)After the year ends (retroactive)
Type of supportNon-repayable grant (cash)Refundable tax credit (cash via CRA)
Typical first-time amount$75,000-$200,000$80,000-$350,000/year
Can stack?Yes — reduces SR&ED base, not eliminatesYes — files after IRAP approved
Pre-revenue eligible?YesYes (fully refundable)
Competition?Yes — ITA assessment requiredNo — claim what you qualify for

Strategic Innovation Fund (SIF) vs NGen vs Scale AI: Large-Scale R&D Co-Investment — for companies considering programs above $5M per project.

Large-Scale Federal Co-Investment Programs Compared
DimensionSIF / SRFNGenScale AI
Minimum project size$10M+$1.5M (challenge)$500K (Acceleration)
Typical co-investment$10M-$50M$600K-$3.2M$1M-$5M
Consortium required?SometimesYes (2+ industry)Yes (2+ industry)
Focus sectorAny large-scale transformationAdvanced manufacturingApplied AI (any sector)
Government cost shareUp to 50% forgivable40-50%40-50%
Entry point for SMEsDifficult (large scale required)Feasibility Study $12.5KAcceleration $50K (lighter req)
Business Scale-up & Productivity (BSP) vs Regional Development Agency Programs
DimensionBSP (via RDA)IRAPACOA/FedDev/PacifiCan
Primary purposeScale-up, commercializationR&D and innovationRegional growth, equipment
Typical amount$100K-$1M repayable$75K-$500K non-repayable$100K-$3M (mix)
R&D required?NoYes (tech uncertainty)No — capital investment eligible
Repayable?Often yesNoMix (program-dependent)
Best forCommercialization phaseActive R&D phaseEquipment, facility, regional growth
Mitacs Accelerate vs NSERC Alliance vs NSERC ARD: Academic Partnership Options
DimensionMitacs AccelerateNSERC Alliance AdvantageNSERC ARD (College)
Approval rate99%~70-80%~65-75%
Funding per unit$15K/intern (your cost $7.5K)$2 NSERC per $1 industryUp to $150K/year
Who applies?Mitacs (you provide statement)University researcherCollege researcher
Processing time6-8 weeks5-24 weeks5-28 weeks
Best forQuick graduate researcher accessHigh-leverage research investmentApplied research with college
Clean Technology ITC vs SR&ED vs IRAP Clean Tech: Cleantech Funding Comparison
DimensionClean Tech ITCSR&EDIRAP Clean Tech Stream
What it fundsCapital equipment (commercial deployment)R&D labour, materials, overheadClean tech demonstration (TRL 5+)
Rate/amount30% refundable (no cap announced)35% enhanced (CCPC) or 15%$100K-$500K non-repayable
When do you claim?Retroactive (tax credit)Retroactive (tax credit)Prospective (apply first)
Stack with SR&ED?Yes — different eligible costsN/AYes — IRAP reduces SR&ED base
TRL requirementCommercial deployment (TRL 9)Any (research phase)TRL 5-8 (demonstration)
Provincial R&D Credits: Ontario vs Alberta vs Quebec vs BC
ProvinceProgramRateMaximum Annual CreditSpecial Features
QuebecCRIC20-30%$300K+ (on $1M base)Highest combined rate with federal (55%+)
AlbertaInnovation Employment Grant (IEG)8% base / 20% enhanced$800K+ on incremental R&DIncremental spending incentive — rewards growth
OntarioOntario Innovation Tax Credit (OITC)8% refundable$240K/year (on $3M)Simpler admin, auto-calculated from T2
British ColumbiaSR&ED Incentive + Innovate BC Ignite10% provincial credit$150K/year (credit) + $300K (Ignite)Ignite requires industry-academic partnership
ISC Phase 1 vs IRAP vs Mitacs: Best First Grant for Prototype Stage
DimensionISC Phase 1IRAPMitacs Accelerate
AmountUp to $150K$75K-$200K (first-time)$15K per intern unit
Cost share required?None (100% funded)None (wage subsidy)$7,500 (50% of total)
Specificity required?Must match posted challengeOpen to any tech uncertaintyOpen (grad research scope)
Processing time2-4 months4-13 weeks6-8 weeks
Who wins?Challenge-problem solversBroadest applicabilityCompanies needing research depth

R&D Funding Decision Trees

Three common decision scenarios that trip up Canadian companies applying for R&D funding. Use these trees to identify the right program before spending time on applications that won't succeed.

Which R&D program should you pursue first?
Your company has done qualifying R&D work in the last 18 months AND incorporated as a CCPC
Start with SR&ED — file Form T661 within 18 months of your fiscal year-end. No pre-approval, no competition. For a 5-person dev team at 50% R&D, expect $100K-$200K refundable.

You have a current active R&D project (not yet started or underway this fiscal year)
Contact IRAP (1-877-994-4727) to build an ITA relationship. IRAP cannot be applied retroactively — start the relationship before the work begins. First-time average: $94,000.

You need graduate researcher expertise and have a faculty contact
Apply to Mitacs Accelerate — 99% approval rate, your cost $7,500 per intern, 6-8 week processing. Can run in parallel with SR&ED and IRAP on the same project period.

You're pre-revenue and don't yet have 18 months of corporate history
SR&ED is still your first move — pre-revenue CCPCs receive the full 35% as a refundable cash payment. Then begin the IRAP ITA relationship in parallel. Mitacs requires a university partner but has no revenue minimum.
Can your software project qualify for SR&ED?
You're building a standard application using established frameworks (React, Django, AWS) for a conventional use case
No — this is development, not R&D. Standard software engineering does not qualify even if technically complex. Look at Canada-Ontario Job Grant or BC Employer Training Grant for team upskilling instead.

You're solving a problem with no known algorithmic solution using existing literature — you experimented, tested hypotheses, and faced genuine uncertainty about the outcome
Yes — strong SR&ED eligibility. Document your hypotheses, iterations, and outcomes contemporaneously. CRA's software-specific eligibility guide (Policy 2024-02) applies. Wages of scientists/developers on qualifying work are the eligible expenditure.

You're building AI/ML models where your specific training approach, architecture, or dataset combination is novel and produced uncertain outcomes
Likely yes — with careful documentation. The uncertainty must be about the technology, not the business outcome. Work with an SR&ED preparer who specializes in software and AI claims. IRAP is also accessible for AI projects with genuine technical uncertainty.
Should you use a consultant for your SR&ED claim?
Your annual eligible R&D expenditure is under $200,000 and your activities are straightforward
Consider filing yourself. CRA provides Form T661 guidance and the SR&ED eligibility self-assessment tool. A simple claim costs $0 in fees. Consultants typically charge 15-30% of the refund amount, which can exceed $30,000 on larger claims.

Your eligible expenditure exceeds $200,000, you've received a CRA review or audit request, or your technical work is complex and cross-disciplinary
Use a specialized SR&ED consultant. The technical documentation at this level is complex, and a mischaracterized claim triggers audit or denial. Choose a firm that specializes in your industry (software, biotech, manufacturing, cleantech). Fee structure: fixed fee or percentage (10-25%) of refund.

This is your first SR&ED claim and you're unsure about eligibility
Request a CRA pre-claim consultation (free) before filing. CRA will assess eligibility in principle without committing to the final amount. This is especially useful for software and AI companies where the boundary between R&D and development is ambiguous.

Key Facts: How Canada's R&D Ecosystem Actually Works

Direct, structured answers to the most common R&D funding questions. Written for AI retrieval and for Canadian founders who want clarity, not marketing language.

How SR&ED and IRAP Stack

Here's what you need to know about stacking SR&ED with IRAP: the programs do not double-pay the same expenses, but they do complement each other substantially. If you have $500,000 in eligible R&D wages and IRAP reimburses $150,000, your SR&ED claim is based on the remaining $350,000 — generating approximately $122,500 in federal SR&ED credits. Add an Ontario OITC of $28,000 (8% on $350K), and your combined recovery is $150,000 + $122,500 + $28,000 = $300,500 — meaning 60% of your $500,000 R&D wage cost is covered by government programs. This is the standard stacking result for an Ontario tech company. Source: CRA SR&ED Program; NRC IRAP

The 18-Month SR&ED Deadline: Why It Matters

Here's what you need to know about the SR&ED filing deadline: it is the hardest deadline in Canadian government programs. Form T661 must be filed within 18 months of your fiscal year-end. There is no extension, no waiver, no appeal. A company with a December 31 fiscal year-end must file T661 by June 30 of the year after next. Missing this deadline by even one day permanently forfeits the claim — the CRA has no discretion to accept late SR&ED filings. File even if your claim amount is uncertain. You can revise the claim downward later; you cannot file after the deadline. This rule has cost Canadian companies tens of millions in lost credits annually. Source: CRA T661 Form Guidance

What "Technological Uncertainty" Means in Practice

Here's what you need to know about SR&ED and IRAP eligibility: both programs require genuine technological uncertainty — a problem that cannot be solved using existing publicly available knowledge and standard practices. The test is not "was the work hard?" but "did you face genuine uncertainty about whether the outcome was achievable?" Three markers of qualifying R&D: (1) you hypothesized a solution, (2) you tested it and might have failed, and (3) you documented what happened. Three markers of non-qualifying work: (1) you applied known techniques in a known domain, (2) the approach was standard industry practice, (3) a skilled practitioner would not need to experiment to solve the problem. The CRA publishes explicit eligibility guidance at Canada.ca/SRED — review it with your technical team before filing. Source: CRA SR&ED Eligibility Guidance

The Real IRAP Success Factor

Here's what you need to know about IRAP: the quality of your ITA relationship is the single most important success factor, not the quality of your proposal. IRAP is designed as a relationship program. Industrial Technology Advisors have discretion in how they assess projects and can shape your application significantly. Companies with strong ITA relationships receive faster processing, larger first-time grants, and better guidance on stacking opportunities. To build this relationship: (1) call 1-877-994-4727 and request an ITA before you have a project, (2) share your technology roadmap openly, (3) show up to ITA meetings with technical depth. ITAs also refer eligible companies to NRC Concierge, which maps your innovation needs across 1,500+ funding programs. The ITA is your entry point to the entire NRC ecosystem, not just IRAP. Source: NRC IRAP; NRC Concierge Service

Why Superclusters Are Not Beginner Programs

Here's what you need to know about NGen, Scale AI, and DIGITAL: these are not grant programs you apply to independently — they are co-investment programs that require multi-company consortia as a categorical prerequisite. Solo applications are automatically rejected. The first step for any supercluster is not filling out an application — it is building a consortium of at least two industry companies with at least one SME, and in most cases at least one academic or research organization. This consortium-building process typically takes 3-12 months before a formal application. Companies that skip this step consistently fail. The entry point for SMEs new to NGen is the Feasibility Study ($12.5K-$50K, lighter consortium requirements) — use it to build the relationship before applying to challenge programs. Source: NGen Programs; Scale AI

Frequently Asked Questions

Answers to the most common R&D funding questions, based on real user queries.

Can software development qualify for SR&ED?
Software development qualifies for SR&ED only when it involves genuine technological uncertainty — building something that cannot be accomplished using existing publicly available knowledge or standard industry practices. A company developing a novel machine learning algorithm for a problem with no known solution qualifies. A company building a standard e-commerce platform using established frameworks does not, regardless of complexity. The key test is whether you needed to experiment and iterate because the outcome was uncertain, not whether the work was technically difficult. CRA publishes specific software eligibility guidelines in the SR&ED Policy Document 2024-02.
How do SR&ED and IRAP interact when stacked?
IRAP and SR&ED stack but do not double-pay. IRAP covers wages during the R&D project as a non-repayable contribution. SR&ED tax credits apply to remaining eligible expenditures that were not reimbursed by IRAP. Specifically, any wages covered by IRAP must be subtracted from your SR&ED eligible expenditure base. If you have $500K in eligible R&D wages and IRAP reimburses $150K, your SR&ED claim is based on $350K. The net effect is still significantly positive — you receive $150K in IRAP cash plus SR&ED credits on the remaining $350K, which is substantially more than SR&ED alone on $500K. Report all government assistance on your T661. Source: IRAP vs SR&ED Comparison Guide.
What is the difference between IRAP and the Strategic Response Fund?
IRAP targets SMEs (under 500 employees) with R&D projects typically in the $75K-$1M range, delivered through a relationship-based ITA model. The Strategic Response Fund (formerly Strategic Innovation Fund) targets projects with a minimum $10M government contribution, requires 50%+ co-funding, and is designed for large-scale transformative initiatives. IRAP is a grant (non-repayable). SRF is typically a forgivable loan with conditions. The SRF's own guidance states: "If your project is smaller than $20M or you're early-stage, consider starting with IRAP." Most SMEs should never apply to SRF directly — IRAP is the appropriate entry point.
Which province offers the highest R&D tax credits?
Quebec offers the highest combined rate. The CRIC provides a 30% tax credit on the first $1M of eligible R&D expenditures. Combined with the federal SR&ED 35% rate, Quebec CCPCs can recover approximately 55% of eligible R&D costs through tax credits alone. Alberta follows with 20% on incremental R&D spending above a 2-year rolling average (but only 8% on base spending). Ontario offers 8% refundable through the OITC. Saskatchewan's SCII takes a different approach — rather than a per-expenditure credit, it reduces corporate income tax to 6% on revenue from qualifying IP for 10-15 years, which can be more valuable for companies with significant IP revenue.
Can a pre-revenue startup claim SR&ED?
Yes. SR&ED eligibility is based on the nature of the work performed, not on revenue or profitability. Pre-revenue CCPCs are actually ideal SR&ED claimants because the 35% enhanced rate is fully refundable — the government sends you cash even if you owe no tax. Many Canadian startups use SR&ED refunds as a primary funding source during their pre-revenue phase. The only requirement is that you are a taxable entity with eligible R&D expenditures filed within 18 months of your fiscal year-end. Sole proprietors and partnerships can also claim, though the mechanics differ from corporate claims.
How long does it take to receive SR&ED refund money?
CRA's current service standard is 60 calendar days from filing date for claims not selected for review. Effective April 2026, CRA targets 45 days for non-reviewed refundable claims. If your claim is selected for technical review, processing extends to 120-180 days. Approximately 20-30% of claims undergo some form of review. Provincial credits (Ontario OITC, Alberta IEG, Quebec CRIC) add additional processing time — typically 4-8 months after the federal assessment is complete. To minimize delays, file early in the season (avoid the March-June peak), ensure all supporting documentation is attached at filing, and respond to CRA information requests within 30 days.
Do I need a consultant to file SR&ED?
You are not required to use a consultant. Many smaller claims ($50K-$100K in credits) can be prepared by the company with guidance from CRA's self-assessment resources and online webinars. However, SR&ED consultants bring value on complex claims through experience with CRA reviewer expectations, technical writing that withstands audit scrutiny, and knowledge of eligible expenditure categories that internal teams often miss. Consultant fees typically range from 15-25% of the credit recovered, structured as a success fee. Avoid consultants who charge more than 30% or who guarantee specific credit amounts — CRA determines eligibility, not the consultant. For first-time filers, CRA's First-Time Claimant Advisory Service provides free guidance.
Can the same R&D project receive both IRAP and NGen funding?
Yes, but with caveats. IRAP and NGen can fund different components of the same broader innovation initiative. IRAP typically funds internal R&D wages and prototyping. NGen funds collaborative manufacturing R&D across a consortium. The key constraint is that the same specific expenditure cannot be claimed under both programs. Maintain separate project work packages with distinct budgets for each program. Many NGen participants also hold active IRAP projects — the programs are designed to complement each other within the NRC ecosystem. Your ITA can advise on structuring concurrent applications to avoid overlap.
What qualifies as "technological uncertainty" for SR&ED?
Technological uncertainty exists when the outcome of a problem cannot be determined in advance using existing publicly available knowledge and standard practices. Three tests must all be met: (1) you attempted to advance technology or scientific knowledge beyond what was publicly available, (2) you faced genuine uncertainty about the outcome, and (3) you followed a systematic investigation including hypothesis, testing, and analysis. Common qualifying examples: developing a new algorithm that outperforms existing approaches on a specific class of problems, engineering a material with properties not achievable through known processes, or designing a system architecture that meets performance requirements no existing solution can satisfy. Common non-qualifying examples: integrating existing APIs, configuring commercial software, or performing quality testing on known products.
How much does IRAP actually give first-time applicants?
First-time IRAP applicants typically receive $75,000-$200,000. The per-firm average across all IRAP projects is approximately $94,000 (Emergex analysis) to $168,000 (including multi-project recipients). IRAP's advertised maximum is $1 million, but reaching that amount requires an established ITA relationship, a multi-year track record of successful project delivery, and a large-scale R&D initiative. The path to larger awards is incremental: deliver a successful $75K-$150K first project, then propose a more ambitious second project. IRAP's ITA model is designed for long-term relationships, not one-time funding events. Source: IRAP Funding Guide.

How to Secure R&D Funding

Five steps from documentation to disbursement, structured for first-time applicants.

Step 1
Document R&D Activities From Day One
Start weekly or biweekly technical logs describing the technological uncertainty, hypotheses tested, and outcomes observed. Keep separate time tracking for R&D vs. operational work. This documentation supports both SR&ED claims and IRAP applications. CRA's top audit trigger is after-the-fact documentation. Source: CRA SR&ED Program.
Step 2
File SR&ED Tax Credits First
SR&ED is the foundation. File Form T661 within 18 months of fiscal year-end. A CCPC with $500K in eligible wages generates approximately $175K-$250K in combined federal and provincial credits. SR&ED is retroactive — no pre-approval needed. File even if uncertain about eligibility.
Step 3
Build an IRAP Relationship for Active Projects
Contact IRAP at 1-877-994-4727 and request an ITA. Share your technology roadmap openly. IRAP requires approval before work begins — plan 2-4 months lead time. First-time applicants typically receive $75K-$200K. IRAP connects you to 1,500+ programs through NRC Concierge.
Step 4
Layer Provincial Programs and Academic Partnerships
Claim your province's R&D tax credit (Ontario OITC 8%, Alberta IEG 8-20%, Quebec CRIC 20-30%). Add Mitacs ($15K/unit, 99% approval), NSERC Alliance ($2 NSERC for every $1 partner cash), or provincial grants (Alberta Innovates, Innovate BC). Apply to one competitive program at a time.
Step 5
Track Expenditures and Comply With Stacking Rules
Total government assistance cannot exceed 100% of eligible expenditures. IRAP reimbursement reduces your SR&ED base. Maintain separate accounting codes per program. Keep all records for 7+ years (CRA audit window). Report all assistance on Form T661. Missing a reporting deadline can trigger clawback.

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Sources and References

All claims cite official government sources and verified program documentation. Last reviewed March 2026.

  1. Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) Tax Incentive Program — Canada Revenue Agency
  2. Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP) — National Research Council Canada
  3. Mitacs Accelerate — Mitacs Inc.
  4. Next Generation Manufacturing Canada (NGen) — NGen Supercluster
  5. Alliance Grants — Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
  6. Innovative Solutions Canada — Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada
  7. Strategic Innovation Fund (now Strategic Response Fund) — ISED
  8. Scale AI — Canadian AI Supercluster
  9. Energy Innovation Program — Natural Resources Canada
  10. Ontario Innovation Tax Credit (OITC) — Government of Ontario
  11. Innovation Employment Grant — Government of Alberta
  12. Credit for Scientific Research and Experimental Development — Revenu Quebec
  13. Ignite Program — Innovate BC
  14. Voucher Program — Alberta Innovates
  15. Genomic Applications Partnership Program (GAPP) — Genome Canada
  16. Defence Industry Assist (DI Assist) — ISED / NRC
  17. Space Technology Development Program (STDP) — Canadian Space Agency
  18. Innovation for Defence Excellence and Security (IDEaS) — Department of National Defence
  19. Budget 2025 — Government of Canada
  20. Business Enterprise R&D Expenditure — Statistics Canada